In April 2018, a man named Luis Alfredo Gonzalez Hernandez confessed to Venezuelan authorities that he had murdered a farmer, quartered him and eaten a good bit of him. Then he burned what was left and used the man's blood and ashes to make art. And he added one more detail: none of it was his idea. The farmer, Hernandez said, had hired him to do it.
Agents from the CICPC, Venezuela's scientific penal and criminal investigative body, arrested him anyway. The agency's director, Douglas Rico, posted the suspect's photo on social media: unbrushed hair, and eyes like two dark pools of pure raging insanity. The crime scene held a sheet pan of burnt human remains, a charred vertebra, splintered bone and a random knuckle. It also held the kind of blood evidence no murderer can mop away. An adult carries between a gallon and a gallon and a half of it, and six or eight ounces of spilled milk is enough to make a mess.
Apples, tulips and a forensics lab
The paintings weren't what anyone expected. Investigators found a painting of apples next to a picture full of tulips, the kind of thing a sister-in-law turns out at a wine-and-paint night. One looked like stained glass crossed with paisley. Another was a primitive portrait, mostly in blues, on a rough piece of wood. Was that rusty red dried blood, or just cinnabar or vermilion, two classic red pigments? Nobody could tell by looking, so every piece went off to a forensics lab. The police weren't buying the farmer's-idea defense, and neither was the law.
Goya got there first
Cannibal art is a real category, though it's usually art about cannibalism, not art made by cannibals. Francisco Goya started in 1786 painting aristocrats for the Spanish court, then went on to paint Saturn Devouring His Son. It shows a wild-eyed giant with matted hair, gnarled hands clutching a bloody headless body, mouth stretched wide as he tears into its right arm. This is Saturn the Roman god. A prophecy said one of his children would end his reign, so he ate each one as soon as it was born. Goya's Cannibal Savoring Human Remains shows naked figures, one hoisting a severed head in one hand and a severed arm in the other. It's a painting about human brutality, and it must have been shocking back in 1800.
Two centuries later, the artist Mike Vanderhoof painted Diners Drive-Ins and Fava Beans and Chianti. Hannibal Lecter stands with his scalpel over a man's head on a platter, brain freshly exposed. Leaping into the frame, with his bleached hair, goatee, manic grin and bowling shirt, is Guy Fieri.
An old habit, a poor meal
People have been eating people for a very long time. In June 2023, researchers from the National Museum of Natural History pushed that date back to 1.45 million years ago. The paleoanthropologist Briana Pobiner was going over a fossilized human shinbone with an ordinary handheld magnifying glass, looking for bite marks from extinct predators. What she found were cut marks from stone tools. They sat exactly where the calf muscle attaches, all lined up in the same direction, the pattern left on animal bones after a carcass is butchered for meat. The bone also carried the bite of a lion-sized cat, and at least three kinds of saber-toothed cats prowled that neighborhood. Did the cat kill, and the survivors decide not to let the meat go to waste? Or did the butchering come first and the cat get the leftovers? Nobody knows.
What researchers do know is that people make a lousy food source. The archaeologist James Cole calculated that a human male's thighs hold more than 13,000 calories, his upper arms about 7,000, his liver about 2,500 and his heart a measly 650. At 2,400 calories a day, one whole human gives 25 people about half a day's food. A group of 25 Neanderthals would have needed to eat three people a day, with bison and woolly mammoths walking around. That's a big reason experts believe ancient cannibalism was about ritual, not hunger. The convicted cannibal Armin Meiwes allegedly described the taste as pork, only "a little bit more bitter, stronger." His verdict: "It tastes quite good."
The man who killed a Venezuelan farmer, ate him and painted with his blood told police the victim had hired him to do all of it. The paintings he made turned out to be apples and tulips.
When hunger makes the call
Starvation is another matter. The Donner Party started west in 1846 about a month behind the other wagon trains. Hoping to make up the time, they took the Hastings Cutoff, a route across the Great Salt Lake Desert that added miles but promised to shave as much as a month off the trip. An unreliable guide led them into the Sierra Nevada, where blizzards trapped them. Some survivors ate the dead, whose bodies were stacked in snowbanks. Of the 81 people who set out, 45 survived, and 32 of those were children.
In October 1972, a plane carrying an amateur rugby team from Uruguay to Chile crashed in the Andes. Twelve people died and 33 survived. On day 10, the survivors heard over a transistor radio that the search had been called off. Their food, mostly candy and wine, ran out, and they agreed to eat the dead. Six more died in the weeks that followed, and an avalanche that buried the fuselage killed eight more. Finally, three survivors hiked down the mountain to a river. On the far bank they spotted a handful of Indigenous people. With no shared language, they used pantomime and drawings in the snow to explain that they had fallen from the sky. Helicopters reached the remaining survivors on December 22nd and 23rd, after 70 days. Sixteen people lived. The world called it the miracle of the Andes, though plenty of people were outraged that they had eaten human flesh.
Blood in the paint
Some artists go further than Goya ever did. On 19 July 1988, the performance artist Rick Gibson ate preserved human tonsils in Walthamstow market in London. A friend had given him the tonsils hoping he'd make earrings. Instead, preserved in alcohol, "they made a wonderful canapé." At a 2000 art festival in Shanghai, Zhu Yu cooked and ate what he claimed was a human fetus. It was later said to be a duck's body with a baby doll's head attached. "I took advantage of the space between morality and the law and based my work on it," he said.
That space is narrower than he thought. In Spain, Alberto Sanchez Gomez got 15 years for killing and eating his mother. In the US, only Idaho has a law against cannibalism, but killing people and desecrating a corpse are crimes everywhere. Hernandez found that out too.
And then there is The Anguished Man. As a boy in the UK, Sean Robinson spent hours in a near-trance staring at the painting in his grandmother's house. She left it to him in her will, and he hung it in his home in Cumbria. Then his family began having terrible nightmares. Doors opened on their own, and screaming broke the quiet nights. Robinson dug into the painting's history and learned that the artist, whose name has never come out, had mixed their own blood into the oil paint. The artist died by suicide not long after finishing it. Robinson refused to sell it. He locked it away instead.
