On Sunday, April 9, 1916, a classified ad in the Pittsburgh Post-Gazette offered a three-month-old girl for adoption, to an extremely wealthy family only. What made her worth the price? She was "Known and pronounced as the perfect baby in Pittsburgh." In those years, perfect babies were crowned at contests all over the country. Another Pittsburgh-born perfect baby would soon show what that title could cost.
His name was Billy Dancy. He was chunky and sweet, with sparkling eyes and plump, dimpled hands. At two and a half, he vanished.
Babies judged like hogs
The Better Babies movement started with good intentions, as wretched notions so often do. Babies really were dying. By 1912, one in 10 died before their first birthday, from poor hygiene, bad nutrition and no routine medical care. Child welfare advocate Mary DeGarmo ran a wildly successful scientific baby contest at the 1908 Louisiana State Fair. Inspired by it, the national magazine Woman's Home Companion drew up a scorecard, formed a Better Babies Bureau and urged towns to hold contests of their own. At those contests, infants were measured and ranked like livestock.
The science behind it was eugenics, the rancid theory that personality, behavior and disease were all inherited. The ideal American baby was strong, healthy and, heavily implied, white. DeGarmo herself wrote, "Much interest was shown as to the blood will tell theory. It did tell." The same panic over immigrant birth rates drove anti-immigration laws and forced sterilizations. Next to all that, a baby contest looked like wholesome family fun. Billy's parents entered him, he won, and his photo ran in a magazine seen by thousands of eyes. Old-country grandmothers would have spat on him three quick times to ward off the evil eye. To them, holding a baby up in the public square and announcing his perfection was asking for trouble.
Gypsies, buggies and an eagle
On October 8, 1919, Billy went out to play near his family's home in Hammonton, New Jersey. He wore faded blue britches, a brown sweater with pockets, little black button shoes and a striped ball cap. His best friend, Charlie, lived next door. Charlie's father, Charles White, grew red dahlias. Tiny footprints wandered a few hundred feet toward the flower farm and into the swamp. After that, nothing.
The first people blamed were a band of so-called gypsies, a slur for the Romani people. There wasn't a scrap of evidence against them, but they made a handy scapegoat. Police chased them into Pennsylvania because their horses looked hard-ridden. Next came a stranger in a buggy, then three rough-looking men in an old automobile. After that, detectives pounced on a leftover loaf of bread in an abandoned house locals called the Red House. A hermit living in a swamp cabin, who claimed to be an astrologer, promised to find Billy by reading the stars. One neighbor reported an eagle with a seven-foot wingspan, a bird he said was "capable of carrying a 40-pound sheep." Billy weighed 30 pounds.
Airplanes flew low over the bogs, and Boy Scout troops joined the search. Stella Dancy wandered the woods in pouring rain, calling her son's name. "He's all that I have to live for. I cannot sleep all night long. I hear his baby cries."
Within 13 days, sympathy curdled into suspicion. Detectives floated the idea that someone in the Dancy home had helped the kidnappers. One even suggested that Stella had dressed Billy in new clothes to hand him over. Another early suspect was a rejected suitor who had stalked Stella in Pittsburgh, part of the reason the couple moved to New Jersey. He turned out to have a rock-solid alibi. Prosecutor Edmund Gaskill admitted, "We are just as much mystified today as we were when this case was first brought to my office."
A hunter and his dog
Six days before Thanksgiving, a neighbor named George Eckert was hunting quail about three miles from the Dancy home when his dog began baying. He was at the edge of the Folsom Swamp, quicksand country, where solid-looking ground can swallow a man to his knees. Eckert picked up a sweater and hung it on a branch. Under the pines he found a small skeleton, picked clean by scavengers. A faded blue romper lay about 50 feet away. When the remains were confirmed as Billy's, Stella collapsed with a nervous breakdown.
Because the clothes were scattered, investigators decided a degenerate had killed the boy. The bones looked older than six weeks, and nobody could explain it. Then townspeople remembered buzzards circling that very spot a few days after Billy disappeared. Margaret Coons had told a search party about them, and the men ignored her. Later, her home mysteriously burned to the ground.
After a year-long national manhunt for a toddler famous for being a perfect baby, the only people ever charged were the dahlia farmer next door and a housekeeper. The prosecutor's case rested on his own evidence-free theory: the farmer threw a rock at Billy's badly behaved dog and hit Billy instead.
A rock meant for a dog
Then came the arrests that shocked Hammonton. Police charged Charles White, the 29-year-old dahlia farmer next door, with murder. They charged Edith Jones, the housekeeper for his father, a wealthy merchant and councilman, as an accessory. Stella had already told the coroner that Blanche White, Charles's wife, believed "my Billy had been kidnapped by mistake" by someone who held a grudge against the Whites.
Gaskill kept his theory secret, and no wonder. Billy's dog, Jack, was a terrier with terrible manners who dug holes in White's valuable flowerbeds. Gaskill's theory was that White, fed up, shot at Jack or threw a rock at him and killed Billy instead. Then, with Jones's help, he supposedly hid the body and staged a kidnapping. Gaskill had no evidence. On the first anniversary of Billy's disappearance, subpoenas finally went out, and the grand jury threw out the charges. The case joined the list of unsolved mysteries.
The sightings never stopped
Stella and Hercules sold their house, and reports of Billy alive with his kidnapper followed them into the 1940s. When the Lindbergh baby, son of the famous aviator, was kidnapped in 1932, Congress passed the Federal Kidnapping Act. Billy's case brought no law, no justice and no apology. With modern eyes, the scattered clothes look like the work of scavengers. The impossible distance looks like just the kind of trek a toddler could make: a lost little boy who walked into the woods and died of exposure.
Hercules died in 1969 and Stella in 1976. Seven years after losing Billy, they had another son, Walter. Stella had said it herself: "He walked away. Maybe he will come back the same way."
