On January 8, 1721, a ship called La Baleine tied up in New Orleans, and 88 young women stepped onto the dock. Each one gripped a small wooden box that held everything she owned. The youngest was barely 12. Within a few years the city would whisper that those boxes held vampires, but the true story of how the girls got there is uglier than the legend.
A colony without wives
France claimed Louisiana in 1682. That year the explorer René Robert Cavelier, Sieur de La Salle, planted a wooden cross at the mouth of the Mississippi and declared that the river's entire drainage basin belonged to King Louis XIV. That came to nearly 4 million square miles, from the Gulf of Mexico to the Great Lakes. Nobody asked the people who already lived there. France also had neither the money nor the people to develop the land, so a couple hundred soldiers were left to guard all of it.
France founded New Orleans in 1718, and life there was miserable. It was sweltering and stormy, full of mosquitoes and poisonous snakes, and yellow fever stalked the settlers "like an over-eager intern for the grim reaper." Nearly everyone in the colony was a man: trappers, traders and criminals the crown had deported. That was a problem for two reasons. A bigger population meant more power, so France needed loyal French families to hold the territory. And the Catholic priests believed their faith would never take root in the swamp without wives. They wrote home begging for women.
The first answer was to empty the brothels and jails. Officials rounded up women they considered tainted and put them on ships across the ocean.
Brides in shackles
Next came John Law, a Scotsman whose Mississippi Company held exclusive rights to develop France's lands along the river. In 1719 he staged a mass wedding at a Paris church. All 184 couples came from poorhouses, and none of them was older than 20. The brides and grooms had met the day before. After the ceremony the newlyweds were shackled together, and royal archers marched them nearly 300 miles to the port of La Rochelle. Between that march and the ocean crossing, more than half the women died, along with about a quarter of the men.
Law's company offered a dowry, a cash payment to the husband, to any woman who would go willingly. Only three signed up, so the company started kidnapping girls. One group of 150 girls was grabbed off the streets of Paris, and they rioted at the docks. They bit, scratched and yanked out hair, and one guard had his eyes gouged out. A dozen girls slipped away into the crowds, and archers shot another half dozen as they ran. Of the 132 girls forced aboard, 69 survived the crossing.
The children kept fighting back. In March 1720 alone, 127 of the 210 children meant for the colony escaped. The company responded by pushing French police to hire bounty hunters, who were paid for every child they caught. Any poor child who couldn't show proof of identity, such as a baptismal certificate, could be taken, and no peasant child carried one. The company even marched captives through Paris in fancy clothes, their hair tied with ribbons and irons on their wrists and ankles. Parisians had seen enough. On March 29, 1720, a mob of more than 300 people killed seven bounty hunters, and by summer 17 bounty hunters had died in the streets of Paris. The company didn't stop. It just started moving its captives at night.
Boxes, not coffins
The women on La Baleine came from poorhouses, orphanages and La Salpetriere, a Paris hospital for the poor that shared its grounds with an overcrowded women's prison. Historian Randall Ladnier described La Salpetriere as "a cross between a concentration camp and a convent." Its inmates lived on bread and water and slept four to a bed on straw mats crawling with lice.
The women's boxes were called cassettes, meaning small wooden cases for carrying belongings. People on the dock called the women the filles à la cassette, which became "the casket girls" in English. Back then, a casket had nothing to do with death. The word wouldn't mean a box for a corpse for another hundred years or more.
Behind New Orleans' vampire legend is a real crime: France let a private company kidnap poor girls and children in Paris and ship them to Louisiana in shackles. The feared caskets were just the boxes they packed their belongings in.
What waited in the attic
This is where the legend takes over. In the legend, the Ursuline nuns, a teaching order that had come to Quebec in 1639, led the girls to their convent in what is now the French Quarter and gave them beds in the attic. In real life, the sisters wouldn't reach Louisiana for another seven years, and the convent wouldn't be built for another 30.
In the legend, something was off about the girls. Their skin was pale with an odd, fungal tint, it reddened and blistered within moments in the bayou sun, and they seemed to glide as if their feet never touched the ground. Some men refused to marry them. The men who did marry them neglected and beat them, and the girls nobody would marry turned to prostitution to survive. When the king ordered the girls sent home, they waited in the attic for a ship, and that's when the city started dying. Hand mirrors vanished. Neighbors wasted away as though their blood had drained out. Crops failed. Small animals turned up dead, without a mark on them and drained of blood.
The sisters threw the girls out and nailed the attic windows shut with 800 silver screws shipped from Rome and blessed by the Pope himself. Years later, a man hired to fix the leaking roof opened up the attic. Under the pried-up floorboards he found a long hollow space full of wooden caskets, every lid ajar and every one empty. Had the girls smuggled vampires across the Atlantic? Or were the girls themselves the vampires, sleeping in their own boxes?
Monsters of a different kind
The simple explanations are easy to find. Girls kept below deck for weeks would be pale, and fair skin blisters under a Louisiana sun. A frightened city hit by disease and failed crops wanted someone to blame, and the strangers from the ship showed up at exactly the wrong time. Some genealogists call the brides the mothers of the bayou, and many people in Biloxi and New Orleans today can trace their families back to them.
Still, a vampire story is easier to live with than the truth: a king let a private company kidnap children to fill a colony, and families in Paris watched their sons and daughters vanish from the street.
