On October 28, 1943, the USS Eldridge sat in her berth at the Philadelphia Naval Yard, wrapped in a hazy, greenish fog. Then, the legend goes, she vanished. She reappeared 200 miles away in Norfolk, Virginia, then faded out and rematerialized back home in Philadelphia. For decades the Navy has said none of it happened. The trouble is that its explanations don't agree with each other.
A yard full of closed doors
In 1943 the Philadelphia Naval Yard was booming. More than 40,000 people worked around the clock building and repairing ships. Those ships were always at risk, whether from attack out of the sky, as at Pearl Harbor, or from a silent torpedo fired by a German U-boat. Whole sections of the yard were sealed off, and one of the civilians hurrying in and out was Albert Einstein himself. The yard also did work for the Manhattan Project. All that secrecy set the stage for every whisper that followed.
The Eldridge was a Cannon-class destroyer escort, meaning an anti-submarine ship that earned her keep guarding convoys of cargo ships at sea. The Federal Shipbuilding and Dry Dock Company built her in Newark, New Jersey, and launched her in July 1943. She would go on to honorable service in the Mediterranean and the Pacific. But first, the story says, crews fitted her with big electrical generators meant to bend light around her hull and make her invisible. The legend ties the idea to Einstein's unified field theory, his attempt to fold the fundamental forces of the universe into a single framework. Gravity refused to cooperate, and he never pulled it off.
The generators powered up, the fog rolled in, and the ship disappeared. Crew aboard the SS Andrew Furuseth, docked in Norfolk, supposedly watched in disbelief as she slowly took shape in front of them.
Notes in the margins
The tale didn't surface until 1955. That year an anonymous package landed at the Office of Naval Research (ONR). Inside was a copy of The Case for the UFO by Morris K. Jessup, an astronomer who studied how unidentified flying objects might be propelled. Its margins were crowded with handwritten notes in several shades of blue ink. The notes read like an argument among three separate writers, full of talk about alien species and hints that Jessup had gotten uncomfortably close to something. Page seven read: "U.S. Navy's force field experiments 1943, October produced invisibility of crew and ship. Fearsome results."
Meanwhile, Jessup was getting letters from a man who called himself Carl Allen, and also Carlos Miguel Allende. Allen warned him to stop poking into how UFOs levitated. He claimed a scientist named Franklin Reno had put Einstein's theories into practice in Philadelphia, and said he had seen the result himself from aboard the Andrew Furuseth. According to Allen, the Eldridge's crew paid dearly. Sailors were badly burned, some suffered profound memory loss, others went insane, and a few vanished for good. Worst of all, some men's bodies were said to be fused into the metal of the hull. Anyone who has put a lawnmower back together and found a few leftover screws on the ground can appreciate the risk.
At the ONR, part of Commander George Hoover's job was combing publications for anything touching security. He showed the book to Austin Stanton, president of the Varo Manufacturing Company. Vero was a Texas contractor doing classified work for the ONR, including tiny power sources and precision timing devices for space vehicles. Stanton made 127 mimeographed copies, which became known as the Vero editions. He sent one to Colonel Edward Ruppelt of the Air Force, who worked on Project Blue Book and coined the term unidentified flying object.
In 1957 the ONR called Jessup in to look at the book. He recognized the handwriting from Allen's letters, and the officers agreed it matched one of the three writers. Then they clapped him on the back, said they planned to reproduce the book for their top people, and sent him out the door, completely bewildered. Two years later Jessup died by suicide. His body was found on April 29, 1959, in his car in Dade County, Florida, with a hose running from the exhaust pipe into the rear window.
The official debunkings of the Philadelphia Experiment contradict each other. The eerie glow was supposedly just St. Elmo's Fire, and yet the USS Eldridge supposedly wasn't even in Philadelphia that day.
Denials that don't line up
Each debunking raises its own questions. Take the green haze, which skeptics call St. Elmo's Fire: ionized air that glows around a conductive object like an airplane wing or a big metal ship. Yet some of those same skeptics say the ship's logs prove the Eldridge was nowhere near Philadelphia that day. So which is it?
The Norfolk sighting gets the same treatment. One explanation says the ship simply sailed through the Chesapeake and Delaware Canal, which was closed to the public. But the National Archives holds a 1943 letter from the Andrew Furuseth's master, Lieutenant Junior Grade William S. Dodge, flatly denying that his crew saw anything unusual. Archive documents also say the two ships were never in Norfolk at the same time.
The sturdiest explanation is degaussing. Early in World War II, the German Navy built magnetic mines that went off when a ship's magnetic field passed within range, and a steel-hulled ship is basically a floating magnet. Cables were wrapped around the Eldridge from bow to stern, and current running through them canceled out her magnetic field. That made her invisible to mines and torpedoes, though not to radar or anyone's eyes. It's real technology with nothing alien about it. But if degaussing is what people saw, why insist the ship was never there?
In 1999, Eldridge veterans held a reunion in Atlantic City and laughed about serving on the famous disappearing ship. Bill Van Allen, her captain in 1943, flatly denied that any experiment took place. Lacy McCrary, a reporter for The Philadelphia Inquirer, asked why the legend picked the Eldridge out of thousands of wartime ships, and none of them had an answer. The ONR calls the whole thing a myth. It admits that two of its officers had the annotated book retyped in 25 copies, and says it has no file copy. It also states, "ONR has never conducted any investigations on invisibility, either in 1943 or at any other time," and points out that it wasn't founded until 1946.
A 777 into thin air
On March 8, 2014, Malaysia Airlines Flight 370 vanished from radar with 239 people aboard. A three-year search covered more than 46,000 square miles of ocean and found nothing. That's odd, because a Boeing 777 hitting the sea should leave a large debris field. Citizen journalist Ashton Forbes believes the plane never crashed at all. His evidence is a video released anonymously in 2014 that shows three spheres circling an airliner, moving in patterns that seem to ignore gravity. The spheres close in on the plane, and then everything disappears. Forbes believes the video was leaked by Lieutenant Commander Edward C. Lin. He has asked Congress for a public hearing on what he calls technology from a secret, off-the-books government program, possibly of non-human origin.
A Navy ship in 1943 and a jetliner in 2014: both stories have outlived every attempt to put them to rest.
